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Major groups of parasites include protozoans (organisms having only one cell) and parasitic worms (helminths). Of these, protozoans, including cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and isospora, are most common in HIV-infected persons. Each of these parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes two or more can cause infection at the same time.
Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; [4] they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi.
In people with latent toxoplasmosis, the cysts are immune to these treatments, as the antibiotics do not reach the bradyzoites in sufficient concentration. The medications prescribed for latent toxoplasmosis are: Atovaquone – an antibiotic that has been used to kill Toxoplasma cysts inside AIDS patients [82]
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelmintic and antiprotozoal agent of the benzimidazole type. [3] It is used for the treatment of a variety of intestinal parasite infections, including ascariasis, pinworm infection, hookworm infection, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, taeniasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, cutaneous larva migrans, giardiasis, and gnathostomiasis, among other diseases.
Effective treatment against all stages of the disease may require a combination of medications. [2] Infections without symptoms may be treated with just one antibiotic, and infections with symptoms are treated with two antibiotics. [3] Amoebiasis is present all over the world, [6] though most cases occur in the developing world. [7]
However, reinfection is frequent regardless of the medication used. [8] Total elimination of the parasite in a household may require repeated doses of medication for up to a year or more. [9] Because the drugs kill the adult pinworms, but not the eggs, the first retreatment is recommended in two weeks. [21]
Asymptomatic cases often do not need treatment. [1] When symptoms are present, treatment is typically provided with either tinidazole or metronidazole. [1] Infection may cause a person to become lactose intolerant, so it is recommended to temporarily avoid lactose following an infection. [1] Resistance to treatment may occur in some patients. [1]
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline class used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites. [1] It is used to treat bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, Lyme disease, cholera, typhus, and syphilis. [1] It is also used to prevent malaria.