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The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life—of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy.
Philip Calderon "French Peasants Finding Their Stolen Child"; 1859. French peasants were the largest socio-economic group in France until the mid-20th century. The word peasant, while having no universally accepted meaning, is used here to describe subsistence farming throughout the Middle Ages, often smallholders or those paying rent to landlords, and rural workers in general.
Polish peasant movement focused on improvements in the life of Polish peasants, and empowering them in politics. It was strong from mid-19th to mid-20th centuries. Despite relatively low support on national level, the Polish People's Party maintains somewhat strong position in many local parliaments.
In most of Slavonic Russia the peasants practised the open field system. The fields lay beyond the village's houses and gardens. Here the peasants grew the extensive cereal cultures and, to a limited but increasing extent, row and industrial crops too. The crops were protected from livestock by temporary fencing.
The term was first used in the 19th century as a pejorative to refer to wealthier peasants who owned land and offered credit to poorer peasants. Soviet terminology divided the Russian peasants into three broad categories: Bednyak, or poor peasants. Serednyak, or mid-income peasants. Kulak, the higher-income farmers who had larger farms.
For “The Peasants,” the filmmakers were inspired by a wide repertoire of realist and pre-impressionist paintings to depict the Nobel prize-winning novel of Wladyslaw Reymont on film.
Agrarianism as Modernity in 20th-Century Europe: The Golden Age of the Peasantry ( 2019) Brock, Peter. Polish Revolutionary Populism: a study in agrarian socialist thought from 1830s to the 1850s ( 1977) Biondich, Mark. Stjepan Radic, the Croat Peasant Party and the Politics of Mass Mobilization, 1904-1928 ( 2000)
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