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A wide variety of smaller Stirling cryocoolers are commercially available for tasks such as the cooling of electronic sensors and sometimes microprocessors. For this application, Stirling cryocoolers are the highest-performance technology available, due to their ability to lift heat efficiently at very low temperatures.
A refrigerator designed to reach cryogenic temperatures (below 120 K, -153 °C, -243.4 °F) is often called a cryocooler.The term is most often used for smaller systems, typically table-top size, with input powers less than about 20 kW.
Pulse tube cryocoolers are used in niche industrial applications such as semiconductor fabrication and superconducting radio-frequency circuits. [1] They are also used in military applications such as for the cooling of infrared sensors. [2] In research, PTRs are often used as precoolers of dilution refrigerators.
The first experimental machines were built in the 1990s, when (commercial) cryocoolers became available, capable of reaching a temperature lower than that of liquid helium and having sufficient cooling power (on the order of 1 Watt at 4.2 K). [6] Pulse tube coolers are commonly used cryocoolers in dry dilution refrigerators.
SunPower was spun-off as a separate business from Cypress in 2008. [14] SunPower acquired Sunray Renewable Energy, a solar panel company based in Italy, for $277 million in 2010, in order to expand in Europe. [15] [16] The following year, SunPower cut back production due to an overall market decline in solar power purchases. [17]
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Clinton County, Iowa, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. [1]
Location: The proposal is for an online school, but the main office will be at 1800 First Ave. NE, unit 201 in Cedar Rapids. Grades : Initially, the school will be open to students in 10th through ...
Swanson was born in Davenport, Iowa in 1945. [1] He graduated in 1969 with Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Engineering degrees from Ohio State University and, in 1975, received a Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University. [1] He then joined the university faculty at Stanford and began research in solar cell ...