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Antiphospholipid syndrome is known for causing arterial or venous blood clots, in any organ system, and pregnancy-related complications.While blood clots and pregnancy complications are the most common and diagnostic symptoms associated with APS, other organs and body parts may be affected like platelet levels, heart, kidneys, brain, and skin.
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2, a form of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome also known as APS-II, or PAS II, is the most common form of the polyglandular failure syndromes. [2] PAS II is defined as the association between autoimmune Addison's disease and either autoimmune thyroid disease , type 1 diabetes , or both. [ 5 ]
The autoimmune regulator protein (from the AIRE gene, which causes autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 when non-functional) Specialty: Endocrinology Types: APS type1, APS type 2, IPEX syndrome: Causes: FOXP3 gene is involved in the mechanism [1] Diagnostic method: Endoscopic, CT scan [2] Treatment: Depends on type
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), is a subtype of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (autoimmune polyglandular syndrome). It causes the dysfunction of multiple endocrine glands due to autoimmunity .
APS-3: Type 1 diabetes, atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, vitiligo, alopecia, and myasthenia gravis, and autoimmune thyroid disease; Addison's disease and/or hypoparathyroidism are not included in this association. [4] APS-4: Combinations that weren't in the earlier groups. [4]
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), also known as Asherson's syndrome, is a rare autoimmune disease in which widespread, intravascular clotting causes multi-organ failure. [1] The syndrome is caused by antiphospholipid antibodies that target a group of proteins in the body that are associated with phospholipids .
It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary metabolite. [2] In humans such reaction is performed by bifunctional 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthases ( PAPSS1 and PAPSS2 ) using ATP as the phosphate donor.
If the organisms participating in the DSR pathway possess the full suite of genes necessary, APS can then be further stepwise reduced to sulfite (+4) and then sulfide (-2). Conversely in the process of dissimilatory sulfur oxidation , pyrophosphate combines with APS in a sulfate adenylyltransferase catalyzed reaction to form sulfate . [ 3 ]