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The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect (after Hermann von Helmholtz and V. A. Kohlrausch [1]) is a perceptual phenomenon where some hues, even when of the same lightness, appear to be bolder than others. Each color on top has approximately the same luminance level and yet they do not appear equally bright or dark.
In chemistry and physics, Raman scattering or the Raman effect (/ ˈ r ɑː m ən /) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. Typically this effect involves vibrational energy being gained by a molecule as incident photons from a visible laser are ...
Bloom (sometimes referred to as light bloom or glow) is a computer graphics effect used in video games, demos, and high-dynamic-range rendering (HDRR) to reproduce an imaging artifact of real-world cameras. The effect produces fringes (or feathers) of light extending from the borders of bright areas in an image, contributing to the illusion of ...
Material dispersion can be a desirable or undesirable effect in optical applications. The dispersion of light by glass prisms is used to construct spectrometers and spectroradiometers. However, in lenses, dispersion causes chromatic aberration, an undesired effect that may degrade images in microscopes, telescopes, and photographic objectives.
Caustics produced by a glass of water, visible as patches of light Cardioid caustic at the bottom of a teacup Caustics made by the surface of water Caustics in shallow water In optics , a caustic or caustic network [ 1 ] is the envelope of light rays which have been reflected or refracted by a curved surface or object, or the projection of that ...
Rayleigh scattering causes the blue color of the daytime sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunset. Rayleigh scattering (/ ˈ r eɪ l i / RAY-lee) is the scattering or deflection of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles with a size much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation.
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Kerr-induced self-focusing was first predicted in the 1960s [4] [5] [6] and experimentally verified by studying the interaction of ruby lasers with glasses and liquids. [7] [8] Its origin lies in the optical Kerr effect, a non-linear process which arises in media exposed to intense electromagnetic radiation, and which produces a variation of the refractive index as described by the formula ...