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  2. Parts-per notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation

    Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water.The quantity "1 ppm" can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution.

  3. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...

  4. Molar concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration

    In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per liter, having the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm 3 in SI units. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is said to be 1 molar , commonly designated as 1 M or 1 M .

  5. Dilution (equation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_(equation)

    The basic room purge equation can be used only for purge scenarios. In a scenario where a liquid continuously evaporates from a container in a ventilated room, a differential equation has to be used:

  6. List of highly toxic gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highly_toxic_gases

    Toxic: a chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC 50) in air of more than 200 parts per million (ppm) but not more than 2,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 milligrams per liter of mist, fume or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats ...

  7. Volume fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_fraction

    Volume percent is the concentration of a certain solute, measured by volume, in a solution.It has as a denominator the volume of the mixture itself, as usual for expressions of concentration, [2] rather than the total of all the individual components’ volumes prior to mixing:

  8. Orders of magnitude (molar concentration) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(molar...

    inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12 800 ppm) [15] 10 −3: mM 0.32–32 mM: normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5) [16] 5.5 mM: upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting [17] 7.8 mM: upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating [17] 10 −2: cM 20 mM

  9. Alkalinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity

    Thus the chemical equation for alkalinity in seawater is: A T = [HCO 3 −] + 2[CO 3 2-] + [B(OH) 4 −] There are many methods of alkalinity generation in the ocean. Perhaps the most well known is the dissolution of calcium carbonate to form Ca 2+ and CO 2− 3 (carbonate). The carbonate ion has the potential to absorb two hydrogen ions.