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Avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis or bone infarction, is death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply. [1] Early on, there may be no symptoms. [1] Gradually joint pain may develop, which may limit the person's ability to move. [1] Complications may include collapse of the bone or nearby joint surface. [1]
Pain in the affected area [1] [2] Muscle spasm in the affected area [1] Numbness and tingling in an arm or leg [1] [2] Paleness [1] [2] of the skin of the arm or leg; Muscle weakness of an arm or leg, [1] [2] possibly to the grade of paralysis [2] Later symptoms are closely related to infarction of the tissue supplied by the occluded artery:
Infarction occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia, which is the insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrition to an area of tissue due to a disruption in blood supply.The blood vessel supplying the affected area of tissue may be blocked due to an obstruction in the vessel (e.g., an arterial embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerotic plaque), compressed by something outside of the vessel causing it ...
Cancellous bone, with its mesh like structure and spaces filled with marrow tissue is more susceptible to damage by bone infarcts, leading to hypoxia and premature cell apoptosis. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The mean life-span of osteocytes has been estimated to be 15 years in cancellous bone, [ 29 ] and 25 years in cortical bone.
Bone pain originates from both the periosteum and the bone marrow which relay nociceptive signals to the brain creating the sensation of pain. Bone tissue is innervated by both myelinated (A beta and A delta fiber) and unmyelinated sensory neurons. In combination, they can provide an initial burst of pain, initiated by the faster myelinated ...
Pain that may occur at the site of the tumor if the tumor is very large, or if the affected bone has weakened causing a fracture of the affected bone; Enlargement of the affected finger; Slow bone growth in the affected area; The symptoms of enchondroma may resemble other medical conditions or problems.
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Anterior spinal artery syndrome is the most common form of spinal cord infarction. [1] The anterior spinal cord is at increased risk for infarction because it is supplied by the single anterior spinal artery and has little collateral circulation , unlike the posterior spinal cord which is supplied by two posterior spinal arteries .