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A person who has recently been infected by a virus will produce antibodies in their bloodstream that specifically recognize that virus. This is called humoral immunity. Two types of antibodies are important. The first called IgM is highly effective at neutralizing viruses but is only produced by the cells of the immune system for a few weeks.
An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes ( proviruses ), or fragments of viral genomes.
The virus morphology could be visualized using electron microscopy but only if the virus could be isolated in high enough titer to be detected. The virus could be cultured in eukaryotic cell lines or bacteria but only if the appropriate host cell type was known and the nucleic acid of the virus would be detected using PCR but only if a ...
Hepatitis C virus: Hepatitis C: Blood testing for antibodies or viral RNA: Antivirals (sofosbuvir, simeprevir, others) Under research [17] Hepatitis D Virus: Hepatitis D: Immunoglobulin G Antivirals, pegylated interferon alpha No Hepatitis E virus: Hepatitis E: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Rest, ribavirin (if chronic) Yes: Herpes simplex virus 1 and ...
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms.
Factors which have been identified as impeding the identification of pathogens include the following: 1. Lack of animal models: Experimental infection in animals has been used as a criterion to demonstrate a disease-causing ability, but for some pathogens (such as Vibrio cholerae, which causes disease only in humans), animal models do not exist.
Viral culture is a laboratory technique [1] in which samples of a virus are placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for its ability to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then the culture is positive.
Virus quantification is counting or calculating the number of virus particles (virions) in a sample to determine the virus concentration. It is used in both research and development (R&D) in academic and commercial laboratories as well as in production situations where the quantity of virus at various steps is an important variable that must be monitored.