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Politeness theory, proposed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, centers on the notion of politeness, construed as efforts to redress the affronts to a person's self-esteems or face (as in "save face" or "lose face") in social interactions.
Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness has been criticised as not being universally valid, by linguists working with East-Asian languages, including Japanese. Matsumoto [ 10 ] and Ide [ 11 ] claim that Brown and Levinson assume the speaker's volitional use of language, which allows the speaker's creative use of face -maintaining strategies ...
The agreement maxim runs as follows: "Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other." It is in line with Brown and Levinson's positive politeness strategies of "seek agreement" and "avoid disagreement", to which they attach great importance. However, it is not being ...
Brown was the co-developer of the theory of politeness, a key topic in 20th century sociolinguistics. With her research collaborator and husband, linguist Stephen Levinson, she is co-author of the seminal work, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage [1] [2] (cited more than 40,000 times).
In fact, researchers Brown and Levinson posit that face is something that "is emotionally invested, and can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction". [11] Levinson and Brown did not, however, address culture-specific norms, which is why Ting-Toomey decided to do so in this theory. [12]
However, researchers disagree on the universality of Politeness Theory, arguing it fails to consider the cultural origins of the face and behaviors in non-western cultures where interactions focus on group identity rather than individuality. [49] For instance, the Chinese origins of “face” was not considered by Brown and Levinson. [49]
Stephen C. Levinson FBA (born 6 December 1947) [1] is a British social scientist, known for his studies of the relations between culture, language and cognition, and former scientific director of the Language and Cognition department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Brown and Levinson's politeness theory; Geoffrey Leech's politeness maxims; Levinson's presumptive meanings; Jürgen Habermas's universal pragmatics; Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson's relevance theory; Dallin D. Oaks's Structural Ambiguity in English: An Applied Grammatical Inventory