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The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Pages for logged out editors learn more. Contributions; Talk; Timeline of low-temperature technology
The Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK, or 1.0 × 10 −10 K in 1999. [11] The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages. The first uses a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins, then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins ...
1669 — Honoré Fabri suggested using a temperature scale by dividing into 8 equal parts the interval between "greatest heat of summer" and melting snow. [ 3 ] 1676 to 1679 — Edme Mariotte conducted experiments that under the French Academy of Science ’s Paris Observatory , resulting in wide adoption of temperatures of deep cellars as a ...
Timeline of telescope technology; Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology; Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology; Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia; Timeline of global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) Timeline of online video
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Timeline of low-temperature technology; References This page was last edited on 17 January 2025, at 07:06 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...