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Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.It refers to the difference between human labour in general as economically valuable worktime versus human labour as a particular activity that has a specific useful effect within the (capitalist) mode of production.
The total labor power of society, which is embodied in the sum total of the values of all commodities produced by that society, counts here as one homogeneous mass of human labor power, composed though it be of innumerable individual units...The labor time socially necessary is that required to produce an article under the normal conditions of ...
CRS technologies implies that when inputs of both capital and labor is multiplied by a factor of k, the output also multiplies by a factor of k. For example, if both capital and labor inputs are doubled, output of the commodities is doubled. In other terms the production function of both commodities is "homogeneous of degree 1".
G.A. Cohen 'The Labour Theory of Value and the Concept of Exploitation', in his History Labour and Freedom. Duncan, Colin A.M. 1996. The Centrality of Agriculture: Between Humankind and The Rest of Nature. McGill–Queen's University Press, Montreal. ——2000. The Centrality of Agriculture: History, Ecology and Feasible Socialism.
If a production function is homogeneous of degree one, it is sometimes called "linearly homogeneous". A linearly homogeneous production function with inputs capital and labour has the properties that the marginal and average physical products of both capital and labour can be expressed as functions of the capital-labour ratio alone.
In sociology, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity [1] are the two types of social solidarity that were formulated by Émile Durkheim, introduced in his Division of Labour in Society (1893) as part of his theory on the development of societies.
Work or labor (labour in Commonwealth English) is the intentional activity people perform to support the needs and desires of themselves, other people, or organizations. [1] In the context of economics , work can be viewed as the human activity that contributes (along with other factors of production ) towards the goods and services within an ...
Wire-grid Cobb–Douglas production surface with isoquants A two-input Cobb–Douglas production function with isoquants. In economics and econometrics, the Cobb–Douglas production function is a particular functional form of the production function, widely used to represent the technological relationship between the amounts of two or more inputs (particularly physical capital and labor) and ...