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All planets listed are smaller than Earth and Venus, ... [12] Mars: 0.5325 Shown for comparison ... Radius is in the range of 1.2 – 120 km. ...
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
According to the IAU's explicit count, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than ...
4.8 km – diameter of 5535 Annefrank, an inner belt asteroid; 5 km – diameter of 3753 Cruithne; 5 km – length of PSR B1257+12; 8 km – diameter of Themisto, one of Jupiter's moons; 8 km – diameter of the Vela Pulsar; 8.6 km – diameter of Callirrhoe, also known as Jupiter XVII; 9.737 km – length of PSR B1919+21
× 10 12 [11] The standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of that body. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G ( m 1 + m 2 ) , or as GM when one body is much larger than the other: μ = G ( M + m ) ≈ G M . {\displaystyle \mu =G(M+m)\approx GM.}
The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, and it is no thicker than 125 kilometres (78 mi), [33] which is much thicker than Earth's crust which varies between 5 kilometres (3 mi) and 70 kilometres (43 mi). As a result, Mars' crust does not easily deform, as was shown by the recent radar map of the south polar ice cap which ...
The Earth's orbit is known with an absolute precision of a few meters and a relative precision of a few parts in 100 billion (1 × 10 −11). Historically, observations of Venus transits were crucial in determining the AU; in the first half of the 20th century, observations of asteroids were also important.
where G is the universal constant of gravitation (commonly taken as G = 6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2), [10] M is the mass of Mars (most updated value: 6.41693 × 10 23 kg), [11] m is the mass of the satellite, r is the distance between Mars and the satellite, and is the angular velocity of the satellite, which is also equivalent to (T ...