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At the time, the fused quartz gyroscopes created for Gravity Probe B were the most nearly perfect spheres ever created by humans. [14] The gyroscopes differ from a perfect sphere by no more than 40 atoms of thickness. One is pictured here refracting the image of Albert Einstein in background.
The terms fused quartz and fused silica are used interchangeably but can refer to different manufacturing techniques, resulting in different trace impurities. However fused quartz, being in the glassy state, has quite different physical properties compared to crystalline quartz despite being made of the same substance. [2]
The material of the resonator, the fused quartz, is naturally radiation hard in any space environment. [12] This confers intrinsic immunity to deleterious space radiation effects to the HRG resonator. Thanks to the extremely high Q factor of the resonating shell, the HRG has an ultra-low angular random walk [9] and extremely low power dissipation.
After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called midget gyroscopes that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturized gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 ...
The GP-B gyro consists of a near-perfect spherical rotating mass made of fused quartz, which provides a dielectric support for a thin layer of niobium superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes.
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Gyroscopes measure the angular displacement of the sensor frame with respect to the inertial reference frame. By using the original orientation of the system in the inertial reference frame as the initial condition and integrating the angular displacement, the system's current orientation is known at all times.
There are also prototypes of elastically decoupled cylindrical resonator gyroscopes (CRG) [16] [17] made from high-purity single-crystalline sapphire. The high-purity leuko-sapphire have Q-factor an order of value higher than quartz glass used for HRG, but this material is hard and has anisotropy. They provide accurate 3 axis positioning of the ...