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The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be (4.59 ± 0.38) × 10 44 with a 95% confidence level, [155] with a game-tree complexity of approximately 10 123. The game-tree complexity of chess was first calculated by Claude Shannon as 10 120, a number known as the Shannon number. [156]
Claude Shannon. The Shannon number, named after the American mathematician Claude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess of 10 120, based on an average of about 10 3 possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by a move for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs of moves.
This is a text-based file format in which chess moves are recorded with standard English algebraic notation with a small amount of markup to record the players and circumstances of the game. Most chess software is configured to process PGN files. [14] Steno-Chess. This is another format suitable for computer processing.
A move is defined by pairing two square designations together, one for the starting square and one for the ending square. For example, the move that would be written 1.e4 in algebraic notation would be written 1. 5254 in numeric notation: the pawn starts from square 52 (file 5, rank 2) and moves to square 54 (file 5, rank 4).
See the external references. As an application, a random number generator could make one probe into the range at hand for a random number, and produce a random SP. Late in 2005, the program Fritz9 became available. It has a Fischer random chess option, but, for some unexplained reason, it assigns idns to SPs in a different way.
Values 0 through 8 represent all normal permutations of force. 9 is used if either side has three or more pieces of the same non-pawn type; these positions are possible in standard chess due to pawn promotion. The last two digits of the code represent the number of white and black pawns, respectively.
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