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Laryngeal hyperresponsiveness is considered the most likely physiologic cause of VCD, brought on by a range of different triggers that cause inflammation and/or irritation of the larynx (voice box). [10] [6] The glottic closure reflex (or laryngeal adductor reflex) serves to protect the airway, and it is possible that this reflex becomes ...
Hoarseness is the most common presenting symptom, while pain, stridor or laryngeal obstruction are unusual complaints. [5] They may cause significant respiratory obstruction leading to dyspnoea or respiratory distress [3] and even cyanosis, and jugular and epigastric retractions. [1]
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. The RLN is important for speaking, breathing and swallowing.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
Fibrosis of tongue and larynx lead to reduced tongue base retraction and laryngeal elevation during swallowing [10] Infection may cause pharyngitis which can prevent swallowing due to pain. Medications can cause central nervous system effects that can result in swallowing disorders and oropharyngeal dysphagia.
The larynx itself will often show erythema (reddening) and edema (swelling). This can be seen with laryngoscopy or stroboscopy (method depends on the type of laryngitis). [7] Stroboscopy may be relatively normal or may reveal asymmetry, aperiodicity, and reduced mucosal wave patterns. [22] Other features of the laryngeal tissues may include ...
Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. The most common site of distant metastases is the lung. Laryngeal cancer occurred in 177,000 people in 2018, and resulted in 94,800 deaths (an increase from 76,000 deaths in 1990).
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [ 1 ]