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Like Chinese and Korean Confucianism, Edo Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy based on metaphysical ideas. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.
Confucian Shinto, also known as Juka Shintō (儒家神道) in Japanese, is a syncretic religious tradition that combines elements of Confucianism and Shinto. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It originated in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868), and is sometimes referred to as " Neo-Confucian Shinto" [ 3 ]
Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both indigenous Shinto and continental religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Formerly heavily influenced by both Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy , as with Mitogaku and Zen , much modern Japanese philosophy is now also influenced by Western philosophy .
The Japanese concept of religion differs significantly from that of Western culture. Spirituality and worship are highly eclectic; rites and practices, often associated with well-being and worldly benefits, are of primary concern, while doctrines and beliefs garner minor attention. [8] Religious affiliation is an alien notion.
In Confucianism, the Sangang Wuchang (Chinese: 三綱五常; pinyin: Sāngāng Wǔcháng), sometimes translated as the Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues or the Three Guiding Principles and Five Constant Regulations, [1] or more simply "bonds and virtues" (gāngcháng 綱常), are the three most important human relationships and the five most important virtues.
Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as Heaven (Tiān 天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods . [ 110 ] Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty (618–907).
There have also been attempts to philologically study the earliest Japanese texts in order to infer early pre-Buddhist and pre-Confucian Japanese spiritual beliefs and practices, but this historical project did not begin in earnest until the 17th century with the kokugaku school of historiography, and so it is examined much later in this article.
Japanese values are cultural goals, beliefs and behaviors that are considered important in Japanese culture. From a global perspective, Japanese culture stands out for its higher scores in emancipative values, individualism , and flexibility compared to many other cultures around the world.