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Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.
The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)
Interstitial solid solutions form when the solute atom is small enough (radii up to 57% the radii of the parent atoms) [2] to fit at interstitial sites between the solvent atoms. The atoms crowd into the interstitial sites, causing the bonds of the solvent atoms to compress and thus deform (this rationale can be explained with Pauling's rules ).
Shear stress was then applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the Ni with a solute atom (Co, Ru, or Re) embedded at the center at 300 K. Previous studies have shown that the general view of size and modulus effects cannot fully explain the solid solution strengthening caused by Re in this system due to their small values. [19]
At room temperature, the solubility of carbon and nitrogen in solid solutions is exceedingly small. [10] By raising, the temperature beyond 400 o C and cooling at a moderate rate, it is easy to keep a few hundredths of a percent of either element within the solution, while the remainder is supersaturated. [ 10 ]
This transformation occurs due to a displacive process, where interstitial carbon atoms lack the time to diffuse out. [5] Consequently, the unit cell undergoes a slight elongation in one dimension and contraction in the other two. Despite differences in the symmetry of the crystal structures, the chemical bonding between them remains similar.
The predominant phase was a face-centered cubic solid-solution phase, containing mainly Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. From that result, the CrMnFeCoNi alloy, which forms only a solid-solution phase, was developed. [22] The Hume-Rothery rules have historically been applied to determine whether a mixture will form a solid solution. Research into high ...
Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh conditions, than comparable devices with fluid electrolytes. [1] The field of solid-state ionics was first developed in Europe, starting with the work of Michael Faraday on solid electrolytes Ag 2 S and PbF 2 in 1834.