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The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [ 1 ] A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
Keep reading to learn what the experts say about the physical effects of drinking coffee, including a few surprising science-backed benefits that may be lurking in your morning cup(s) of coffee.
Spinach is a moderate source (10–19% of DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and vitamin B 6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, and dietary fiber (table). Although spinach contains moderate amounts of iron and calcium, it also contains oxalates, which may inhibit absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Cooked ...
Common side effects include constipation and nausea. [1] When taken by mouth high blood calcium is uncommon. [1] Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from dietary sources, appear to increase the risk of kidney stones. [1] Adults generally require about a gram of calcium a day. [1] Calcium is particularly important for bones, muscles, and nerves. [1]
Older adults typically consume less calcium, around 600 mg/day, which heightens their susceptibility to fractures. For optimal bone health, a calcium intake of 1000–1200 mg/day is recommended, along with 800 IU/day of vitamin D3 for those with adequate sun exposure, and up to 2000 IU/day for those with limited sun exposure or obesity.
Mineral deficiency is a lack of the dietary minerals, the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health. [1] The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed.
Vegetarians' iron stores are lower. Lower iron stores may increase the risk for iron deficiency. However, as high iron stores are associated with health risks, lower iron stores may be beneficial. [111] High-iron vegan foods include whole grains, legume (soybeans, black beans, lentils, chickpeas), nuts, spinach, tempeh, tofu. [112] [113] [114]
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.