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d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...
Glycerol 3-phosphate is synthesized by reducing dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), an intermediate in glycolysis. The reduction is catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP and thus glycerol 3-phosphate can also be synthesized from amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates via the glyceroneogenesis pathway. + NAD(P)H + H + → ...
Triglycerides are built from three fatty acids, esterified onto each of three hydroxy groups of glycerol, which is derived from glycerol 3-phosphate.In mammals, glycerol 3-phosphate is usually synthesized through glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that degrades glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and then into two molecules of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which beget glycerol 3-phosphate and ...
Glycerol 3-phosphate is then oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which is, in turn, converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. From here the three carbon atoms of the original glycerol can be oxidized via glycolysis, or converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis. [10]
In the cytosol of the cell (for example a muscle cell), the glycerol will be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is an intermediate in the glycolysis, to get further oxidized and produce energy. However, the main steps of fatty acids catabolism occur in the mitochondria. [16]
Triglycerides are synthesized by esterification of fatty acids to glycerol. [1] Fatty acid esterification takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol. [7]
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and D-glucose, whereas its two products are glycerol and D-glucose 6-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases , specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups ( phosphotransferases ) with an alcohol group as acceptor.
Glycerol kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to glycerol thus forming glycerol 3-phosphate: ATP + glycerol <=> ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase so they cannot metabolize the glycerol produced during triacyl glycerol degradation. This glycerol is instead shuttled to the liver via the blood where it is: