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In 1948, Werner Ingold started to produce glass electrodes for pH measurement, initially as a one-man company operating out of Huttenstrasse 24 in Zurich. Before he devoted himself entirely to the commercialization of pH electrodes, he was contacted by the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Plastics Division to establish a micro-analytical ...
The bottom of a pH electrode balloons out into a round thin glass bulb. The pH electrode is best thought of as a tube within a tube. The inner tube contains an unchanging 1×10 −7 mol/L HCl solution. Also inside the inner tube is the cathode terminus of the reference probe.
It is agreed that the main mechanisms are based on desorption induced regeneration as electrochemical effects are confined to the surface of the porous carbons so cannot be responsible for bulk regeneration. [3] [6] The performance of different regeneration methods can be directly compared using the regeneration efficiency. This is defined as:
In aquatic environments, platinum is often used due to its high electron transfer kinetics, [5] although an electrode made from several metals can be used in order to enhance the electron transfer kinetics. [6] The most common potentiometric electrode is by far the glass-membrane electrode used in a pH meter.
An RDE cannot be used to observe the behavior of the electrode reaction products, since they are continually swept away from the electrode. However, the rotating ring-disk electrode is well suited to investigate this further reactivity. The peak current in a cyclic voltammogram for an RDE is a plateau like region, governed by the Levich ...
Most electrodes work over a limited range of conditions, such as pH or temperature, outside of this range the electrodes behavior becomes unpredictable. The advantage of a pseudo-reference electrode is that the resulting variation is factored into the system allowing researchers to accurately study systems over a wide range of conditions.