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a Calorimeter in CERN. In experimental particle physics, a calorimeter is a type of detector that measures the energy of particles.Particles enter the calorimeter and initiate a particle shower in which their energy is deposited in the calorimeter, collected, and measured.
In 1761 Joseph Black introduced the idea of latent heat which led to the creation of the first ice calorimeters. [1] In 1780, Antoine Lavoisier used the heat released by the respiration of a guinea pig to melt snow surrounding his apparatus, showing that respiratory gas exchange is a form of combustion, similar to the burning of a candle. [2]
Calorimetry requires that a reference material that changes temperature have known definite thermal constitutive properties. The classical rule, recognized by Clausius and Kelvin, is that the pressure exerted by the calorimetric material is fully and rapidly determined solely by its temperature and volume; this rule is for changes that do not involve phase change, such as melting of ice.
In 2006, researchers discovered a giant electrocaloric effect in 350 nm thin-film PbZr₀.₉₅Ti₀.₀₅O₃ (PZT), generating a notable 12 K temperature change near 220 o C. [4] The device structure consisted of a thin film (PZT) on top of a much thicker substrate, but the figure of 12 K represents the cooling of the thin film only.
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The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. [1] [2] The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin).
Kolbe electrometer, precision form of gold-leaf instrument. This has a light pivoted aluminum vane hanging next to a vertical metal plate. When charged the vane is repelled by the plate and hangs at an angle.
Power compensation calorimetry is a variation of the heat flow technique. This method utilizes a cooling jacket operating at constant flow and temperature.