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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions.
Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.
A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona. Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.
Magnetic water treatment (also known as anti-scale magnetic treatment or AMT) is a disproven method of reducing the effects of hard water by passing it through a magnetic field as a non-chemical alternative to water softening.
If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes and is especially common practice for water softening. The choice of chemical used for raising the pH often depends on the carbonate alkalinity in the water.
Fungus is everywhere, so it's hard to avoid altogether, Garg points out. Even among people who use oral medications to treat toenail fungus, 20%-25% see a recurrence , often within two years.
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