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6. (Now withdrawn) Nuts with specified proof load values – Fine pitch thread [7] 7. Torsional test and minimum torques for bolts and screws with nominal diameters 1 mm to 10 mm [8] With exception to part 7, which defines test standards, the parts of this standard define properties for fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel.
A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing or impact-experiencing structure. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected to loads above those expected in actual use, demonstrating safety and design margin.
The preferred bolt preload for structural applications should be at least 75% of the fastener's proof load [7] for the higher strength fasteners and as high as 90% of the proof load for permanent fasteners. To achieve the benefits of the preloading, the clamping force must be higher than the joint separation load.
Tension testing of a bolt up to the proof load should not cause permanent set of the bolt and should be conducted on actual fasteners rather than calculated. [56] If a bolt is tensioned beyond the proof load, it may behave in plastic manner due to yielding in the threads and the tension preload may be lost due to the permanent plastic deformations.
ASTM A325 is an ASTM International standard for heavy hex structural bolts, titled Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength. It defines mechanical properties for bolts that range from 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (13 to 38 mm) in diameter. [1]
Many Wrangler owners will have up to two inches removed from the bottom of the 10.5" 14-bolt differential housing to maximize ground clearance. [9] The popularity of GM trucks and vans made 10.5" 14-bolt axles a common sight in junkyards, making them an option for vehicle customization projects, including buggy builds and even classic trucks.
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A safe working load (SWL) should, according to the regulations be marked onto lifting equipment with the relevant SWL being dependent on the configuration of the equipment, accessories for lifting such as eye bolts, lifting magnets and lifting beams should also be marked. [5]