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A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped, but sometimes square) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a ...
Skin friction drag is a type of aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag, which is resistant force exerted on an object moving in a fluid.Skin friction drag is caused by the viscosity of fluids and is developed from laminar drag to turbulent drag as a fluid moves on the surface of an object.
Drag coefficients in fluids with Reynolds number approximately 10 4 [1] [2] Shapes are depicted with the same projected frontal area. In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: , or ) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water.
The standard for DTIs in North America is the ASTM International series of standards and the specific designation for testing and manufacturing DTIs is ASTM F959: Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners. [2]
Drag coefficient C d for a sphere as a function of Reynolds number Re, as obtained from laboratory experiments. The dark line is for a sphere with a smooth surface, while the lighter line is for the case of a rough surface. Drag depends on the properties of the fluid and on the size, shape, and speed of the object.
The drag crisis is associated with a transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow adjacent to the object. For cylindrical structures, this transition is associated with a transition from well-organized vortex shedding to randomized shedding behavior for super-critical Reynolds numbers, eventually returning to well-organized shedding at a higher Reynolds number with a return to ...