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Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", [1] [2] [3] and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
The word "race", interpreted to mean an identifiable group of people who share a common descent, was introduced into English in the 16th century from the Old French rasse (1512), from Italian razza: the Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest example around the mid-16th century and defines its early meaning as a "group of people belonging to the same family and descended from a common ...
Critical race theory (CRT) is an academic field focused on the relationships between social conceptions of race and ethnicity, social and political laws, and mass media.CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, not based only on individuals' prejudices.
While de facto segregation simply exists due to people's habits, de jure segregation is the result of laws and ordinances that discriminate against minorities. In the preface of the book, Rothstein argues that, if it can be shown that housing segregation in America is the result of de jure factors rather than simply de facto , then all ...
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society.This area encompasses the study of systemic racism, like residential segregation and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups.
Segregation was common in everyday life, such as in segregation of schools, healthcare and housing, especially so in the South. In addition, Black Americans were a common target of racial violence, and they would not receive equal treatment by the justice system. This effectively made them second-class citizens. [5]
Collier Supreme Court ruling to end racial segregation in prisons, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (1975), and measures to end mortgage discrimination, prohibited de jure racial segregation and discrimination in the US. The Immigration Act of 1965 discontinued some quotas based on national origin, with preference given to those who have US ...
It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, but there is not a wide agreement on a single definition of what racism is and what it is not. [11] Today, some scholars of racism prefer to use the concept in the plural racisms , in order to emphasize its many different forms that do not easily fall under a single ...