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Market liquidity – An asset cannot be sold due to lack of liquidity in the market – essentially a sub-set of market risk. [1] This can be accounted for by: Widening bid–ask spread; Making explicit liquidity reserves; Lengthening holding period for value at risk (VaR) calculations; Funding liquidity – Risk that liabilities:
Extensions to VaR include Margin-, Liquidity-, Earnings-and Cash flow at risk, as well as Liquidity-adjusted VaR. For both (i) and (ii), model risk is addressed [34] through regular validation of the models used by the bank's various divisions; for VaR models, backtesting is especially employed. Regulatory changes, are also twofold.
v. t. e. The government budget balance, also referred to as the general government balance, [1] public budget balance, or public fiscal balance, is the difference between government revenues and spending. For a government that uses accrual accounting (rather than cash accounting) the budget balance is calculated using only spending on current ...
The Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) is a local government unit ’s (LGU) share of revenues from the Philippine national government. Provinces, independent cities, component cities, municipalities, and barangays each get a separate allotment. The allotment is largely based upon the type of government they are and a formula based upon their ...
Income tax for individuals. Citizens of the Philippines and resident aliens must pay taxes for all income they have derived from various sources, which include, but are not limited to: compensation income (e.g., salary and wages); income of self-employed individuals and/or professionals; capital gains; interests; rents;
The 5% Value at Risk of a hypothetical profit-and-loss probability density function. Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss of investment/capital. It estimates how much a set of investments might lose (with a given probability), given normal market conditions, in a set time period such as a day. VaR is typically used by firms and ...
The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. [α] The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of the Consumption Function, published in 1957 ...
A comparative graph of Revenue and Tax Effort from 2001 to 2010 [3] A comparative graph of Tax and Non-Tax Revenue contribution from 2001 to 2010 [4]. The Philippine government generates revenues mainly through personal and income tax collection, but a small portion of non-tax revenue is also collected through fees and licenses, privatization proceeds and income from other government ...