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Structure and evolution of RdRp in RNA viruses and their superfamilies. Four superfamilies of viruses cover all RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage: Viruses containing positive-strand RNA or double-strand RNA, except retroviruses and Birnaviridae. All positive-strand RNA eukaryotic viruses with no DNA stage, such as Coronaviridae
RNA polymerase is essential to life, and is found in all living organisms and many viruses. Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage.
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic ... Structure of the reovirus virion. ... One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase ...
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid.The double-stranded genome is used as a template by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to transcribe a positive-strand RNA functioning as messenger RNA (mRNA) for the host cell's ribosomes, which translate it into viral proteins.
Most viruses snatch 15-20 nucleotides except for the families Arenaviridae and Nairoviridae and the genus Thogotovirus (Orthomyxoviridae) which use a shorter strand. [2] In the influenza virus, cap snatching occurs in the nucleus of the cell. The cap snatching endonuclease function is contained in the PA subunit of the RNA polymerase. [3]
A component of the viral RNA polymerase PA-X Arises from a ribosomal frameshift in the PA segment. Inhibits innate host immune responses, such as cytokine and interferon production. 4- HA 1775 HA (Hemagglutinin) Part of the viral envelope, a protein that binds the virion to host cells, enabling the virus’s RNA genetic material to invade it 5 ...
There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For instance, a number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material. [58] Also, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is part of the RNA interference pathway in many organisms. [59]
Positive-strand RNA virus genomes usually contain relatively few genes, usually between three and ten, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. [4] Coronaviruses have the largest known RNA genomes, between 27 and 32 kilobases in length, and likely possess replication proofreading mechanisms in the form of an exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein nsp14.