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"Dunya" is an Arabic word that means "lower or lowest", [1] or "nearer or nearest", [2] which is understood as a reference to the "lower world, this world here below". [3] The term "dunya" is employed to refer to the present world "as it is closest to one’s life as opposed to the life of the Hereafter". [4]
In the Horn of Africa, Islam spread among the Somalis, while the Kingdom of Aksum declined from the 7th century following Muslim dominance over the Red Sea trade, and collapsed in the 10th century. [274] The Zagwe dynasty emerged in the 12th century and contested hegemony with the Sultanate of Shewa and the powerful Kingdom of Damot. [275]