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A hydroxide ion acting as a nucleophile in an S N 2 reaction, converting a haloalkane into an alcohol. In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they ...
The rate equation for S N 2 reactions are bimolecular being first order in Nucleophile and first order in Reagent. The determining factor when both S N 2 and S N 1 reaction mechanisms are viable is the strength of the Nucleophile. Nuclephilicity and basicity are linked and the more nucleophilic a molecule becomes the greater said nucleophile's ...
English: Gray, blue, red, green, light green, black graph papers with 1 cm–0.5 cm–1 mm grids (page size: A4) in printable PDF format. Date 25 July 2013, 18:04:17
An application of HSAB theory is the so-called Kornblum's rule (after Nathan Kornblum) which states that in reactions with ambident nucleophiles (nucleophiles that can attack from two or more places), the more electronegative atom reacts when the reaction mechanism is S N 1 and the less electronegative one in a S N 2 reaction.
If the nucleophile is a neutral molecule (i.e. a solvent) a third step is required to complete the reaction. When the solvent is water, the intermediate is an oxonium ion. This reaction step is fast. Deprotonation: Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by water acting as a base forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion. This reaction ...
English: Gray, blue, red, green, black graph papers with 1 inch–0.5 inch–1/12 inch grids (page size: US Letter) in printable PDF format. Date 25 July 2013, 18:02:35
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Initial electronic structure calculations of aluminium(I) nucleophiles were gained using ab initio calculations. Cimpoesu and coworkers analyzed the first monomeric aluminium(I) compound by plotting the contour map of the Laplacian of the electron density inside the molecule and found that there is indeed a lone pair localized on the aluminium ...