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The etiology of dural ectasia is unknown, but it has been suggested that is due to increased hydrostatic pressure, [8] general weakened connective tissue [9] or as a result of the pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid on weakened spinal dura. [10] Dural ectasia is common in Marfan syndrome, [3] occurring in 63–92% of people with the syndrome ...
The opening fluid pressure in the spinal canal is obtained by performing a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap. Once the pressure is measured, a radiocontrast agent is injected into the spinal fluid. The contrast then diffuses out through the dura sac before leaking through dural holes.
Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. [6] Symptoms may include pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs. [1] Symptoms are typically gradual in onset and improve with leaning forward. [1]
The syndrome occurs in 12% of older community-dwelling men [3] and up to 21% of those in retirement communities. [4] Because the leg symptoms in lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are similar to those found with vascular claudication, the term pseudoclaudication is often used for symptoms of LSS. [5]
Because each vertebra can cause pain in different areas of the body, the pain from the disease can be sensed in the back, leg, neck area, or even the arms. When the spinal canal begins to lose its gap and gets thinner, it can cause pain in the neck, which can also cause a numb feeling in the arms and hands.
Subdural hygromas require two conditions in order to occur. First, there must be a separation in the layers of the Meninges of the brain. Second, the resulting subdural space that occurs from the separation of layers must remain uncompressed in order for CSF to accumulate in the subdural space, resulting in the hygroma. [1]
A syrinx may then develop in the cervical region of the spinal cord. Here, symptoms usually begin between the ages of 25 and 40 and may worsen with straining, called a valsalva maneuver, or any activity that causes cerebrospinal fluid pressure to fluctuate suddenly. Some patients, however, may have long periods of stability.
PDPH is a common side effect of lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid causes reduced fluid pressure in the brain and spinal cord. Onset occurs within two days in 66% of cases and three days in 90%. It occurs so rarely immediately after puncture that other possible causes should be investigated when it does. [3]