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A hotspot's position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them. There are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary. [2]
The Samoa hotspot is marked 35 on map. Diagram showing how islands are formed by hotspots. The Samoa hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located in the south Pacific Ocean.The hotspot model describes a hot upwelling plume of magma through the Earth's crust as an explanation of how volcanic islands are formed.
The Galápagos hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in the East Pacific Ocean responsible for the creation of the Galápagos Islands as well as three major aseismic ridge systems, Carnegie, Cocos and Malpelo which are on two tectonic plates. The hotspot is located near the Equator on the Nazca Plate not far from the divergent plate boundary with the ...
Geochemical modeling is used in a variety of fields, including environmental protection and remediation, [1] the petroleum industry, and economic geology. [2] Models can be constructed, for example, to understand the composition of natural waters; the mobility and breakdown of contaminants in flowing groundwater or surface water; the ion speciation of plant nutrients in soil and of regulated ...
The generally preferred tectonic model is a mantle hotspot as the AVB decreases in age from west to east, a trend that is consistent with the westward motion of North America at the rate of about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) per year. There are also observed chemical differences between the oldest (western) and youngest (eastern) basalts.
In 1977 researchers M. Kumazawa and Y. Fukao [1] introduced the term "mesoplate" in the context of what they termed a "Dual Plate Tectonic Model." Their rationale is a postulated low-velocity zone near and above the 650 km discontinuity with additional properties including local low melting temperature, active chemical migration and fractionation, and low-viscosity.
This article describes techniques; for a history of the movement of tectonic plates, see Geological history of Earth.. Plate reconstruction is the process of reconstructing the positions of tectonic plates relative to each other (relative motion) or to other reference frames, such as the Earth's magnetic field or groups of hotspots, in the geological past.
The lineament was long interpreted as a hotspot trace (Raton hotspot) [1] due to its resemblance in length and direction to the Yellowstone hot spot trace, but there is no systematic progression in age along the trace [2] [3] and it is now interpreted as a hydrous subduction zone scar.