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In 1971, Stephen Cook published his paper "The complexity of theorem proving procedures" [2] in conference proceedings of the newly founded ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. Richard Karp's subsequent paper, "Reducibility among combinatorial problems", [1] generated renewed interest in Cook's paper by providing a list of 21 NP-complete problems.
As noted above, this is the Cook–Levin theorem; its proof that satisfiability is NP-complete contains technical details about Turing machines as they relate to the definition of NP. However, after this problem was proved to be NP-complete, proof by reduction provided a simpler way to show that many other problems are also NP-complete ...
For example, the formula "a AND NOT b" is satisfiable because one can find the values a = TRUE and b = FALSE, which make (a AND NOT b) = TRUE. In contrast, "a AND NOT a" is unsatisfiable. SAT is the first problem that was proven to be NP-complete—this is the Cook–Levin theorem.
In statistics, Cook's distance or Cook's D is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when performing a least-squares regression analysis. [1] In a practical ordinary least squares analysis, Cook's distance can be used in several ways: to indicate influential data points that are particularly worth checking for validity; or to indicate regions of the design space where it ...
For example, just as counting cannot be done by an circuit family of subexponential size, many tautologies relating to the pigeonhole principle cannot have subexponential proofs in a proof system based on bounded-depth formulas (and in particular, not by resolution-based systems, since they rely solely on depth 1 formulas).
The circuit on the left is satisfiable but the circuit on the right is not. In theoretical computer science, the circuit satisfiability problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. [1]
While the human life span has increased markedly since the 19th century, new research shows that despite recent advancements in medicine, we may have reached our longevity peak—and most of today ...
Consider the following example. There is a certain item that Alice values as and Bob values as . The government needs to decide who will receive that item and in what terms. A social-choice-function is a function that maps a set of individual preferences to an optimal social outcome.