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The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the supreme law of the People's Republic of China. It was adopted by the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, with five subsequent revisions. It is the fourth constitution in PRC history, superseding the 1954 constitution, the 1975 constitution, and the 1978 constitution. [1]
However, constitutional rights were continuously violated by the Japanese military and state police. Representative institutions were not constitutionally installed. Likewise, Emperor Meiji granted the majority of executive and legislative powers to the Governor-General of Taiwan, an appointed military leader. [11]
The "General Principles" include both civil rights and liabilities under civil law, and contains 9 chapters and 156 articles. The chapters deal with the following topics: Basic Principles; Citizen (Natural Person) Legal Persons; Civil Juristic Acts and Agency; Civil Rights; Civil Liability; Limitation of Action
According to the PRC constitution, all power belongs to the people, and National People's Congress and local people's congresses are the bodies through which the people exercise state power. [2] [non-primary source needed] The NPC is officially China's highest organ of state power, with the Standing Committee being its permanent body.
The constitution of 1954 includes the Preamble, four chapters, 106 articles, and it defines "the national flag of People's Republic of China is a red flag with 5 stars" (Article 104); "the national emblem of the People's Republic of China is: in the center, Tien An Men under the light of five stars, and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel ...
The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens were greatly expanded, and elevated to Chapter Two, ahead of the provisions for the structure of the government. The 1982 Constitution was subsequently amended in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004 and 2018, generally modifying the Constitution in accordance with economic and political reforms over that period.
[25] [26] [27] The harshness of criminal law in China has attracted heavy criticism or strong support, especially due to the insistence on capital punishment for many crimes. China accounts for the biggest number of criminals executed in the world per year, which has raised concerns among different human rights groups and international ...
The right to strike was still present, although it would be removed in the 1982 Constitution. However, the required support for the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the socialist system remained as part of citizens' duties. Altogether, the Constitution still suffered from the backdrop of the just-gone-by Cultural Revolution ...