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  2. Two-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_space

    A two-dimensional complex space – such as the two-dimensional complex coordinate space, the complex projective plane, or a complex surface – has two complex dimensions, which can alternately be represented using four real dimensions. A two-dimensional lattice is an infinite grid of points which can be represented using integer coordinates.

  3. Surface (topology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)

    An open surface with x-, y-, and z-contours shown.. In the part of mathematics referred to as topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball.

  4. Plane (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a plane is a two-dimensional space or flat surface that extends indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, so the Euclidean plane refers to the ...

  5. n-sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere

    In mathematics, an n-sphere or hypersphere is an ⁠ ⁠-dimensional generalization of the ⁠ ⁠-dimensional circle and ⁠ ⁠-dimensional sphere to any non-negative integer ⁠ ⁠. The circle is considered 1-dimensional, and the sphere 2-dimensional, because the surfaces themselves are 1- and 2-dimensional respectively, not because they ...

  6. Orientability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability

    A torus is an orientable surface The Möbius strip is a non-orientable surface. Note how the disk flips with every loop. The Roman surface is non-orientable.. In mathematics, orientability is a property of some topological spaces such as real vector spaces, Euclidean spaces, surfaces, and more generally manifolds that allows a consistent definition of "clockwise" and "anticlockwise". [1]

  7. Euclidean plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane

    In Euclidean geometry, a plane is a flat two-dimensional surface that extends indefinitely. Euclidean planes often arise as subspaces of three-dimensional space. A prototypical example is one of a room's walls, infinitely extended and assumed infinitesimal thin.

  8. Surface (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)

    A surface is a topological space of dimension two; this means that a moving point on a surface may move in two directions (it has two degrees of freedom). In other words, around almost every point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined.

  9. Möbius strip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Möbius_strip

    The Möbius strip has several curious properties. It is a non-orientable surface: if an asymmetric two-dimensional object slides one time around the strip, it returns to its starting position as its mirror image. In particular, a curved arrow pointing clockwise (↻) would return as an arrow pointing counterclockwise (↺), implying that ...