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[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.
For the decimal formats, the usual encoding of unsigned integers is used. If an operation has a single NaN input and propagates it to the output, the result NaN's payload should be that of the input NaN (this is not always possible for binary formats when the signaling/quiet state is encoded by an is_signaling flag, as explained above). If ...
Despite the name, Python decorators are not an implementation of the decorator pattern. The decorator pattern is a design pattern used in statically-typed object-oriented programming languages to allow functionality to be added to objects at run time; Python decorators add functionality to functions and methods at definition time, and thus are ...
In statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation.Missing data are a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data.
The design matrix has dimension n-by-p, where n is the number of samples observed, and p is the number of variables measured in all samples. [4] [5]In this representation different rows typically represent different repetitions of an experiment, while columns represent different types of data (say, the results from particular probes).
The Hurst exponent, H, is defined in terms of the asymptotic behaviour of the rescaled range as a function of the time span of a time series as follows; [6] [7] [() ()] =, where
f and F only differs in how the strings for an infinite number or NaN are printed (inf, infinity and nan for f; INF, INFINITY and NAN for F). e, E: double value in standard form (d.ddde±dd). An E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero, the ...
In statistics, Cook's distance or Cook's D is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when performing a least-squares regression analysis. [1] In a practical ordinary least squares analysis, Cook's distance can be used in several ways: to indicate influential data points that are particularly worth checking for validity; or to indicate regions of the design space where it ...