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The brain can regulate blood flow over a range of blood pressure values by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the arteries. [57] High pressure receptors called baroreceptors in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinus (at the beginning of the internal carotid artery) monitor the arterial blood pressure. [58]
The blood volume determines the mean pressure throughout the system, in particular in the venous side where most of the blood is held. The low-pressure baroreceptors have both circulatory and renal effects; they produce changes in hormone secretion, resulting in profound effects on the retention of salt and water ; they also influence intake of ...
When blood pressure rises, the carotid and aortic sinuses are distended further, resulting in increased stretch and, therefore, a greater degree of activation of the baroreceptors. At normal resting blood pressures, many baroreceptors are actively reporting blood pressure information and the baroreflex is actively modulating autonomic activity.
They control the body's response to stress [8] and infection. [9] They regulate the body's metabolism, influencing eating and drinking behaviour, and influence how energy intake is utilised, that is, how fat is metabolised. [10] They influence and regulate mood, [11] body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, [12] and blood pressure. [13]
There are several types of drugs which includes ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors that interrupt different steps in this system to improve blood pressure. These drugs are one of the primary ways to control high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney failure, and harmful effects of diabetes. [7] [8]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. List of organ systems in the human body Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General Features Regions Variations Movements Systems Structures Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands endocrine exocrine Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles Abductors Adductors ...
The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main blood pressure drop across major arteries to capillaries in the circulatory system. Illustration demonstrating how vessel narrowing, or vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure. In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries.
This is so-called "steady-state system". An example is a system in which a protein P that is a product of gene G "positively regulates its own production by binding to a regulatory element of the gene coding for it," [14] and the protein gets used or lost at a rate that increases as its concentration increases. This feedback loop creates two ...