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Xanthomonas (from greek: xanthos – "yellow"; monas – "entity") is a genus of bacteria, many of which cause plant diseases. [1] There are at least 27 plant associated Xanthomonas spp., that all together infect at least 400 plant species. Different species typically have specific host and/or tissue range and colonization strategies.
Xanthomonas axonopodis has the capability to form a biofilm for attachment on the host. The biofilm is the result of the production of extracellular polysaccharides . The biofilm ensures the virulence and epiphytic survival of X. axonopodis pv. citri prior to the development of citrus canker.
Xanthomonas campestris is commonly used industrially to produce a water-soluble exo-polysaccharide, known as xanthan gum, from fermentation of carbon sources like glucose. [5] In this process, a preserved culture of the gram-negative bacterium is expanded through growth and then used as an inoculum in bioreactors with liquid growth media .
Diffusible signal factor (DSF) is found in several gram-negative bacteria and play a role in the formation of biofilms, motility, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. [1] Xanthomonas campestris was the first bacteria known to have DSF. [1] The synthesis of the DSF can be seen in RpfF and RpfB enzymes. [2]
The NSF ERC program was designed to create institutional centers that would be self-sufficient within ten years. The Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University started planning for self-sufficiency in 1998 through the establishment of a Self-sufficiency Task Force at the university.
Xanthomonas are Gram-negative bacteria that can infect a wide variety of plant species including pepper/capsicum, rice, citrus, cotton, tomato, and soybeans. [7] Some types of Xanthomonas cause localized leaf spot or leaf streak while others spread systemically and cause black rot or leaf blight disease.
The genus Xanthomonas, which mostly comprises phytopathogenic bacteria, is a member of the family Xanthomonadaceae.Among xanthomonads, X. o. pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice which is one of the most important diseases of rice in most of the rice growing countries.
Xanthomonas oryzae epidemics can cause yield losses ranging from 2-74%, [2] and the bacteria can be carried on rice seeds, causing further disease spread. [3] The host resistance gene, Xa21, from Oryza longistaminata, is integrated into the genome of Oryza sativa for its broad-range resistance to rice leaf blight caused by X. o. pv. oryzae. [4]