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Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by herbivory. It is one of the general plant defense strategies against herbivores , the other being resistance , which is the ability of plants to prevent damage (Strauss and Agrawal 1999).
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order ( anisotropy ) within soils.
Soil acidification can cause damage to plants and organisms in the soil. In plants, soil acidification results in smaller, less durable roots. [27] Acidic soils sometimes damage the root tips reducing further growth. [28] Plant height is impaired and seed germination also decreases. Soil acidification impacts plant health, resulting in reduced ...
Soil bulk density, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of soil compaction. [3] Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining.
The concept of combination phenomics comes from the idea that two or more plant stresses have common physiological effects or common traits - which are an indicator of overall plant health. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] As both biotic and abiotic stresses can result in similar physiological consequence, drought resistant plants can be separated from ...
Plant growth is severely restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet; while in dry conditions, plant-available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy (high soil strength). [33] The higher the pH in the soil, the less water available to be distributed to the plants and organisms that depend on it.
The salt level is often taken as the soil salinity or the salinity of the irrigation water. Salt tolerance is of importance in irrigated lands in (semi)arid regions where the soil salinity problem can be extensive as a result of the salinization occurring here. It concerns hundreds of millions of hectares. [2]
Conversely, biological activity is a primary factor in soil's physical and chemical formation. [2] Soil provides a vital habitat, primarily for microbes (including bacteria and fungi), but also for microfauna (such as protozoa and nematodes), mesofauna (such as microarthropods and enchytraeids), and macrofauna (such as earthworms, termites, and ...