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Launch of Pioneer 6 on a Delta-E rocket Pioneer 8 being prepared for launch Launch of Pioneer 8 on a Delta-E1 rocket. Each craft was identical. They were spin-stabilized 0.94 m (3 ft 1 in) diameter × 0.81 m (2 ft 8 in) tall cylinders with a 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) long magnetometer boom and solar panels mounted around the body.
It was an emergency that came at the worst possible time. The Robledo, Spain antenna discontinued its tracking of Pioneer 8 and began to search for the lost spacecraft. When Mars came into view for Goldstone, the Pioneer 26m antenna joined the search, while the Echo 26m antenna continued tracking Mariner 6.
Pioneer 9 (Pioneer D) – launched November 1968 (inactive since 1983) Pioneer E – lost in launcher failure August 1969; Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun.
The radio frequencies used for spacecraft communication are in the microwave part of the radio spectrum; S band (2.29–2.30 GHz), X band (8.40–8.50 GHz) and Ka band (31.8–32.3 GHz). In addition to receiving radio signals from the spacecraft ( downlink signals), the antennas also transmit commands to the spacecraft ( uplink signals) with ...
Pioneer 10 was assembled around a hexagonal bus with a 2.74-meter (9 ft 0 in) diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna, and the spacecraft was spin stabilized around the axis of the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch.
A special characteristic was a UHF transmit antenna reflector 4.9 m in diameter. Each satellite had 12 transponders, which worked in the UHF range from 240 - 400 megahertz. Additionally FLTSATCOM 7 and 8 included an experimental EHF transponder built by Lincoln Laboratory intended to test the MILSTAR ground terminals. The first seven satellites ...
Crewed launch vehicles, with the exception of the Space Shuttle, [34] have employed a launch escape system to save the lives of the crew in case their carrier rocket malfunctions. [35] A flight termination system typically consists of two sets of the following components: [26] An antenna system, which receives commands from the range,
They then removed the antenna's launch locks, leaving the antenna ready to operate. [ 80 ] During EVA 2, commander Ken Ham provided photo and television support, and pilot Tony Antonelli served as the spacewalk choreographer.