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In April 1223, the Mongols of Genghis Khan sent an envoy of ten ambassadors to negotiate a surrender or alliance. The Rus' haughtily executed them all. [citation needed] The Mongol commanders Subutai and Jebe defeated and captured him three days after the Battle of the Kalka River at a palisade on a nearby hill.
The siege of Kiev by the Mongols took place between 28 November and 6 December 1240, and resulted in a Mongol victory. It was a heavy morale and military blow to the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, which was forced to submit to Mongol suzerainty, and allowed Batu Khan to proceed westward into Central Europe.
While Kiev and its grand prince was still formally acknowledged as senior amongst the principalities of Rus', frequent internecine dynastic feuding among rival claimants had left the city weakened. Indeed, by the time Kiev fell to the Mongols, the head of the city's defenses owed allegiance to Prince Daniel of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia.
The Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes grand duke) was the title of the monarch of Kievan Rus', residing in Kiev (modern Kyiv) from the 10th to 13th centuries. [citation needed] In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir and the Mongol Golden Horde governors, and later was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Mongol Empire: Principality of Chernigov Principality of Pereyaslav Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia: Commanders and leaders; Batu Khan: Grand Prince Michael of Kiev Prince Mstislav III of Chernigov Daniel of Galicia: Strength; Several tumen of nomad cavalry: Several thousand, but scattered in garrisons: Casualties and losses; Light: Heavy
Prince Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco-Mongol tradition. Batu Khan sent to stab him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Chingis Khaan's shrine in the pagan ritual imposed by the conqueror. The prince replied that he "preferred to die rather than do what was wrong".
In 1238, when the Mongols first invaded Kievan Rus' and his elder brother Yuri was killed in battle, Yaroslav left Kiev for Vladimir, where he was crowned grand prince. Yaroslav attempted to restore the cities of Vladimir-Suzdal after the Mongol ravages and fires.
Detail from the Millennium of Russia monument: Mstislav Mstislavich, left, and Daniel of Galicia, his son-in-law. Mstislav Mstislavich, also called the Daring, the Bold or the Able [a] [1] [2] (died c. 1228), was a prince of Tmutarakan and Chernigov, [3] one of the princes from Kievan Rus' in the decades preceding the Mongol invasions.