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  2. Old English phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology

    The consonants /ɣ/ and /x/ are analyzed as separate phonemes in at least the early stages of Old English, because it appears that they originally stood in direct contrast at the start of a word (as in [ɣoːd] gōd 'good' vs. [hoːd] hōd 'hood') [42] or at the end of a word (as in [læ͞ɑɣ] lēag 'lye' vs. [læ͞ɑx] lēah 'clearing, meadow').

  3. I before E except after C - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_before_E_except_after_C

    The following sections list exceptions to the basic form; many are not exceptions to the augmented forms. Words that break both the "I before E" part and the "except after C" part of the rule include cheiromancies, cleidomancies, eigenfrequencies, obeisancies and oneiromancies, as well as Pleistocene from the geologic time scale.

  4. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  5. Old English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English

    The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem. The words in brackets are implied in the Old English by noun case and the bold words in brackets are explanations of words that have slightly different meanings in a modern context.

  6. Diphthong - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong

    For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (/ ɑː /), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (/ aʊ /). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables (e.g. in the English word re-elect) the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong.

  7. Phonological history of Old English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    The West Saxon vowels ie/īe, caused by i-umlaut of long and short ea, eo, io, did not appear in Anglian. Instead, i-umlaut of ea and rare eo is spelled e, and i-umlaut of io remains as io. Breaking of short /æ/ to ea did not happen in Anglian before /l/ and a consonant; instead, the vowel was retracted to /a/.

  8. Wikipedia:List of English contractions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_English...

    there’re: there are there’s: there has / there is these’re: these are these’ve: these have they’d: they had / they would they’d've: they would have / they could have / they should have they’ll: they shall / they will they’re: they are / they were they’ve: they have this’s: this has / this is those’re (informal) those are ...

  9. List of Latin-script digraphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs

    eo is used in Irish for /oː/ (/ɔ/ in 4 words) between a slender and a broad consonant. In Scottish Gaelic it is used for /ʲɔ/ between a slender and a broad consonant. In the Jyutping romanization of Cantonese , it represents /ɵ/ , an allophone of /œː/ , while in the Cantonese Romanisation , it represents /œː/ .