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In Islam, the ulama (/ ˈ uː l ə ˌ m ɑː /; Arabic: علماء, romanized: ʿulamāʾ, lit. 'the learned ones'; [ 1 ] singular Arabic : عالِم , romanized : ʿālim ; feminine singular alimah ; plural aalimath [ 2 ] ), also spelled ulema , are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
Nahdlatul Ulama (Indonesian pronunciation: [nahˈdatʊl ʊˈlama], lit. ' Revival of the Ulama ' , NU ) is an Islamic organization in Indonesia . Its membership numbered over 40 million in 2023, [ 2 ] making it the largest Islamic organization in the world. [ 3 ]
Indonesian traditional Quranic school. The spread of Islam in Indonesia was a slow, gradual and relatively peaceful process. One theory suggests it arrived directly from Arabia before the 9th century, while another credits Sufi merchants and preachers for bringing Islam to Indonesian islands in the 12th or 13th century either from Gujarat in India or directly from the Middle East. [4]
Muhammadiyah strongly opposes syncretism, where Islam had coalesced with animism (spirit worship) and with Hindu-Buddhist elements that were spread among communities from the pre-Islamic period. Muhammadiyah opposes the tradition of Sufism that allows a Sufi leader ( shaykh ) to be the formal authority over Muslims.
Ulama and kyais, mostly wealthy landowners of rural area, were authoritative figures in this system, and santri (students) learned Islam through taqlid (rote learning) and kitab kuning. Distinct characteristics of traditionalism are based on such syncretism and rural communal dynamics.
Kyai Hajj Abdul Wahab Hasbullah (31 March 1889 – 29 December 1971) was a founders of the Nahdlatul Ulama movement. He also initiated the usage of newspaper for dakwah, with the establishment of the Nahdlatul Ulama newspaper, Soeara Nahdlatul Oelama. He also created the lyrics for the anthem of Nahdlatul Ulama, Ya Lal Wathon, in 1934.
In a study by American sociologist Clifford Geertz, the santri are people, particularly in Java, who practice a more orthodox version of Islam, in contrast to the more syncretic abangan. Geertz identified three main cultural streams (aliran in Indonesian) in Javanese society; namely, the santri, abangan, and priyayi.