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Typical monitored emissions include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, airborne particulate matter, mercury, volatile organic compounds, and oxygen. CEM systems can also measure air flow, flue gas opacity and moisture. A monitoring system that measures particulate matter is referred to as a PEMS.
Gas monitors may be single, dual, or multi-gas monitors. Some types include oxygen sensors, explosibility sensors for combustible gas, and toxic gas sensors for substances including carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, phosphine, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen.
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) is measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. This involves firing ultraviolet light at a sample of the air and measuring the fluorescence produced. [45] Absorption spectrophotometers are also used for measuring SO 2. Flame photometric analyzers are used for measuring other sulphur compounds in the air. [46]
Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants. [ 12 ] The definition of the AQI in a particular nation reflects the discourse surrounding the development of national air quality standards in that nation. [ 13 ]
Scrubber systems (e.g. chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers) are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. An early application of a carbon dioxide scrubber was in the submarine the Ictíneo I, in 1859; a role for which they continue to be used today ...
Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established the allowance market system known today as the Acid Rain Program. Initially targeting only sulfur dioxide, Title IV set a decreasing cap on total SO 2 emissions for each of the following several years, aiming to reduce overall emissions to 50% of 1980 levels.