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According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Cologne was a center of Jewish learning, and the "wise of Cologne" are frequently mentioned in rabbinical literature. [48] A characteristic of the Talmudic authorities of that city was their liberality. Many liturgical poems still in the Ashkenazic ritual were composed by poets of Cologne.
An 1806 French print depicts Napoleon Bonaparte emancipating the Jews. Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. [1]
B. Levinson, a Jewish Texan civic leader, arrived in 1861. [3] Today the vast majority of Jewish Texans are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews, those from central and eastern Europe whose families arrived in Texas after the Civil War or later. [1] Organized Judaism in Texas began in Galveston with the establishment of Texas' first Jewish cemetery in ...
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In recent weeks, protesters at two colleges and one university have taunted Jewish students outside or near events held by Hillel, a century-old mainstream Jewish organization at more than 600 ...
Jews migrated to the cities and to communes where there had not previously been a Jewish population. [27] By 1809 there were more than 2,900 Jews in Paris, while the Jewish population of Alsace grew to more than 46,000. [28] Many Jews continued to live as lower-class citizens.
The Jewish community in Cologne has the longest history in Germany, being first mentioned in 321. Expelled in 1424, the Jews did not return to Cologne until 1798. In 1815 the community numbered 150, growing to 8000 in 1895, and 18,281 by 1933, [ 2 ] the largest in Germany after Berlin.