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Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process. The combustion may take place in a controlled manner such as in an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, or may result in an explosion (e.g., a dust explosion ).
An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. [1] It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under the supervision of Günter Bauman. [1]
The Chebyshev Lambda Linkage is used in vehicle suspension mechanisms, walking robots, and rover wheel mechanisms. In 2004, a study completed as a Master of Science Thesis at Izmir Institute of Technology introduced a new mechanism design by combining two symmetrical Lambda linkages to distribute the force evenly on to ground with providing the ...
Failure rate is the frequency with which any system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. It thus depends on the system conditions, time interval, and total number of systems under study. [1]
The primary application of the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is in the least-squares curve fitting problem: given a set of empirical pairs (,) of independent and dependent variables, find the parameters of the model curve (,) so that the sum of the squares of the deviations () is minimized:
The range comprised mainly British railway rolling stock but there were a few kits of other subjects. The range consisted of 34 kits of individual locomotives or carriages, a model of the Ariel Arrow motorcycle, the "Fireball XL5" rocket, parts to motorise the railway kits (using a motorised box wagon supplied pre-built, or a motor bogie) and three railway presentation sets:
Well the WMAP papers call it the "Power Law \Lambda CDM" model. I have also seen it called the "Flat Power Law \Lambda CDM" model. I think whether it is "the" minimal model depends on how you define the penalty for adding additional parameters. Take a look at e.g. Table 3 in Spergel et.al. 2006. Spebudmak 18:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
The current standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, uses the FLRW metric. By combining the observation data from some experiments such as WMAP and Planck with theoretical results of Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem and its generalization, [ 26 ] astrophysicists now agree that the early universe is almost homogeneous and isotropic (when ...