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It has been suggested that this growth behavior is beneficial because in most natural environments, soil closer to the ground's surface is warmer in temperature, while deeper soil is cooler. [ 9 ] Experimentation with maize has demonstrated the existence of thermotropic responses in roots, with stronger responses seen when the thermal gradient ...
The greater growth of roots in moist soil zones than in dry soil zones is not usually a result of hydrotropism. [22] Hydrotropism requires a root to bend from a drier to a wetter soil zone. Roots require water to grow so roots that happen to be in moist soil will grow and branch much more than those in dry soil.
The soil is home to a large proportion of the world's biodiversity.The links between soil organisms and soil functions are complex. The interconnectedness and complexity of this soil 'food web' means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living communities that exist within the soil.
For example, while some studies have found that reductions in the abundance and presence of soil organisms results in the decline of multiple ecosystem functions, [28] others concluded that above-ground plant diversity alone is a better predictor of ecosystem multi-functionality than soil biodiversity. [29] Soil organisms exhibit a wide array ...
Insect winter ecology describes the overwinter survival strategies of insects, which are in many respects more similar to those of plants than to many other animals, such as mammals and birds. Unlike those animals, which can generate their own heat internally ( endothermic ), insects must rely on external sources to provide their heat ...
Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots , the rhizosphere , microbes and fauna . Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO 2 .
One example of primary succession takes place after a volcano has erupted. The lava flows into the ocean and hardens into new land. The resulting barren land is first colonized by pioneer organisms, like algae, which pave the way for later, less hardy plants, such as hardwood trees, by facilitating pedogenesis, especially through the biotic acceleration of weathering and the addition of ...
A gram of soil can contain billions of organisms, belonging to thousands of species, mostly microbial and largely still unexplored. [20] [21] Soil has a mean prokaryotic density of roughly 10 8 organisms per gram, [22] whereas the ocean has no more than 10 7 prokaryotic organisms per milliliter (gram) of seawater. [23]