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  2. Non-standard cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_cosmology

    The few Big Bang opponents still active today often ignore well-established evidence from newer research, and as a consequence, today non-standard cosmologies that reject the Big Bang entirely are rarely published in peer-reviewed science journals but appear online in marginal journals and private websites. [1]

  3. Steady-state model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-state_model

    In the Big Bang, the expanding Universe causes matter to dilute over time, while in the Steady-State Theory, continued matter creation ensures that the density remains constant over time. In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady state theory is an alternative to the Big Bang theory.

  4. Cosmic age problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_age_problem

    Since around 1997–2003, the problem is believed to have been solved by most cosmologists: modern cosmological measurements lead to a precise estimate of the age of the universe (i.e. time since the Big Bang) of 13.8 billion years, and recent age estimates for the oldest objects are either younger than this, or consistent allowing for ...

  5. Plasma cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cosmology

    Comparison of the evolution of the universe under Alfvén–Klein cosmology and the Big Bang theory. [1]Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe at interstellar and intergalactic scales.

  6. Initial singularity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_singularity

    [1] [2] In response to the inaccuracy of considering only general relativity, as in the traditional model of the Big Bang, alternative theoretical formulations for the beginning of the universe have been proposed, including a string theory-based model in which two branes, enormous membranes much larger than the universe, collided, creating mass ...

  7. Tired light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_light

    In such a scale, the Big Bang corresponds to a redshift of infinity. [10] Alternative theories of gravity that do not have an expanding universe in them need an alternative to explain the correspondence between redshift and distance that is sui generis to the expanding metrics of general relativity. Such theories are sometimes referred to as ...

  8. Big Bang - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

    The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The notion of an expanding universe was first scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.

  9. Physical cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology

    An alternative view to extend the Big Bang model, suggesting the universe had no beginning or singularity and the age of the universe is infinite, has been presented. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In September 2023, astrophysicists questioned the overall current view of the universe , in the form of the Standard Model of Cosmology , based on the latest ...