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Employee motivation is an intrinsic and internal drive to put forth the necessary effort and action towards work-related activities. It has been broadly defined as the "psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organisation, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence". [1]
Other researchers have looked into the connection between employee motivation and flow. In order to create this optimal level of flow, there needs to be a balance between challenge, skill, workload, and the capacity to work. When all of these are balanced, employees are more highly motivated and more effective in their duties. [37]
A number of various theories attempt to describe employee motivation within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology.At the macro level, work motivation can be categorized into two types, endogenous process (individual, cognitive) theories and exogenous cause (environmental) theories. [8]
If an employee's performance is unsatisfactory, the employer may set out a performance improvement plan (PIP) to help the employee improve. [3] [4] This may be because the employee is failing to meet the goals for their role or due to other problems such as poor behavior or interpersonal skills. [5]
When goal setting is applied optimally during training processes, both employee motivation and organizational commitment can increase. [ 34 ] Furthermore, training in goal setting has been linked to higher levels of performance among adults and children with mild to severe intellectual disability .
With respect to motivation, managers' decisions could be shaped by autonomous motivation (e.g. the desire the retain employees) or controlled motivation (e.g. reducing staffing costs). In terms of KSAs, managers' knowledge about work design options and their skills to engage employees in the decision making process may shape their decisions. [ 49 ]