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In mathematics, Schubert calculus [1] is a branch of algebraic geometry introduced in the nineteenth century by Hermann Schubert in order to solve various counting problems of projective geometry and, as such, is viewed as part of enumerative geometry. Giving it a more rigorous foundation was the aim of Hilbert's 15th problem.
Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, [a] which includes the notions of point, line, plane, distance, angle, surface, and curve, as fundamental ...
Topology developed from geometry; it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Glossary of differential geometry and topology; Glossary of general topology; Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry; Glossary of scheme theory; List of algebraic geometry topics
The universal geometric algebra (n, n) of order 2 2n is defined as the Clifford algebra of 2n-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space R n, n. [1] This algebra is also called the "mother algebra". It has a nondegenerate signature. The vectors in this space generate the algebra through the geometric product.
Chapters 1 to 3 mostly describe basic background material on hyperbolic geometry. Chapter 4 cover Dehn surgery on hyperbolic manifolds Chapter 5 covers results related to Mostow's theorem on rigidity Chapter 6 describes Gromov's invariant and his proof of Mostow's theorem.
In addition to the actual chapters, an extensive "Chapter 0" on various preliminaries was divided between the volumes in which the treatise appeared. Topics treated range from category theory, sheaf theory and general topology to commutative algebra and homological algebra. The longest part of Chapter 0, attached to Chapter IV, is more than 200 ...
The work was the first to propose the idea of uniting algebra and geometry into a single subject [2] and invented an algebraic geometry called analytic geometry, which involves reducing geometry to a form of arithmetic and algebra and translating geometric shapes into algebraic equations. For its time this was ground-breaking.
Algebra (and later, calculus) can thus be used to solve geometrical problems. Geometry was split into two new subfields: synthetic geometry, which uses purely geometrical methods, and analytic geometry, which uses coordinates systemically. [23] Analytic geometry allows the study of curves unrelated to circles and lines.
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