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Lucas numbers have L 1 = 1, L 2 = 3, and L n = L n−1 + L n−2. Primefree sequences use the Fibonacci recursion with other starting points to generate sequences in which all numbers are composite. Letting a number be a linear function (other than the sum) of the 2 preceding numbers. The Pell numbers have P n = 2P n−1 + P n−2.
Name First elements Short description OEIS Mersenne prime exponents : 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, ... Primes p such that 2 p − 1 is prime.: A000043 ...
Ternary: The base-three numeral system with 0, 1, and 2 as digits. Quaternary : The base-four numeral system with 0, 1, 2, and 3 as digits. Hexadecimal : Base 16, widely used by computer system designers and programmers, as it provides a more human-friendly representation of binary-coded values.
The standard Collatz function is given by P = 2, a 0 = 1 / 2 , b 0 = 0, a 1 = 3, b 1 = 1. Conway proved that the problem Given g and n, does the sequence of iterates g k (n) reach 1? is undecidable, by representing the halting problem in this way. Closer to the Collatz problem is the following universally quantified problem:
For example, for p = 3 one has π 1 (3) = 8 which equals 3 2 − 1 = 8; for p = 7, one has π 1 (7) = 16, which properly divides 7 2 − 1 = 48. This analysis fails for p = 2 and p is a divisor of the squarefree part of k 2 + 4, since in these cases are zero divisors , so one must be careful in interpreting 1/2 or k 2 + 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt ...
The idea becomes clearer by considering the general series 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + 5x 4 − 6x 5 + &c. that arises while expanding the expression 1 ⁄ (1+x) 2, which this series is indeed equal to after we set x = 1.
Usually, the modulo function maps any integer modulo N to one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., N − 1, where N ≥ 1. Because of this, many formulas in algorithms (such as that for calculating hash table indices) can be elegantly expressed in code using the modulo operation when array indices start at zero.
(4) the result is 1 / 2 (3) the result is 1 (2) the result is infinite (30) no answer. The researcher, Giorgio Bagni, interviewed several of the students to determine their reasoning. Some 16 of them justified an answer of 0 using logic similar to that of Grandi and Riccati. Others justified 1 / 2 as being the average of 0 and 1 ...